El Lissitzky’s lithographic portfolio Victory over the Sun, like Jean (Hans) Arp’s 7 Arpaden (1953.6.137a–i), was executed on a visit to Kurt Schwitters’s house in Hanover, Germany, in 1923. Lissitzky based the prints on drawings he had made after a 1920 performance of the Cubo-Futurist opera Victory over the Sun, originally staged in Saint Petersburg in 1913 with set designs by Kazimir Malevich. As Lissitzky explained in the introductory essay, the portfolio serves as a blueprint for a musical \"electro-mechanical spectacle\": the first sheet, titled The Machinery, shows a dynamic, multilevel outdoor stage; the remaining sheets have designs for puppets of nine characters in the opera. A single operator would control the whole mechanism, giving the puppets full animation, or \"every possibility of movement.\"
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